The ruinous fires that overran parts of France this summer have burned more land than ever recorded, forced more people from their homes than at any point since the second world war and caused what scientists suspect is the country's first firestorm thundercloud. The smoke from France's biggest inferno in nearly 80 years choked Limoges, a city 125 miles (200km) from the flames, with more toxic dust than Delhi residents inhaled on the city's worst day of smog last year. This was reported by Qazaqyia.kz citing The Guardian.
This was reported by Qazaqyia.kz citing The Guardian.
The blaze that tore through forests outside Bordeaux in late July took just a few weeks to reforge France's relationship with fire, but the conditions behind it were centuries in the making.
In the 18th century, the coastal wetlands of south-western France were so swampy that shepherds used stilts to cross them in winter. When a 1857 decree from NapoleonIII forced landowners to drain the marsh and populate it with maritime pines, the water-logged landscape was converted into Europe's largest human-made forest. It has since become a regional economic engine running on timber that employs 30,000 people.
It is also a firefighter's nightmare. The pines that make up 90% of the trees in the Landes forest hold resin that burns like petrol, needles that carpet the ground with flammable material and cones that whiz in the wind like grenades, spreading flames across breaks in vegetation that should act as barriers. Without the diversity offered by broad-leafed species, which retain more moisture and have shady canopies that stop vegetation from drying, the dense monoculture can burn with fury when sparks catch.
That is what happened in 1949, when a blaze that began in a saw mill burned 50,000 hectares. Gorging on plentiful fuel and with few breaks to impede their spread, the flames killed 82 people, most of them volunteers racing to put out the fire. It remains Europe's deadliest wildfire.
Firefighting capacity has vastly improved since, but the potential for disaster has continued to increase. Humanity has fouled the atmosphere with 1.85tn tonnes of planet-baking carbon since the 1857 decree, warming Europe by 2.4C and increasing the risk of hot and dry extremes that were once unthinkable.
A strikingly wet winter in western Europe this year helped plants grow tall, only for relentless heatwaves to later strip them of moisture, creating a large fuel surplus for fires to devour. By mid-July, temperatures across France had reached record highs and soil moisture had fallen to record lows, setting the stage for the Gironde inferno.
Not long after noon on 22 July, after three straight weeks of more than 30C heat, smoke rose from the tightly packed pine stands near Saumos, a village 20 miles west of Bordeaux. The source of ignition is under investigation, but workers contracted by Enedis, a utility company that manages France's electricity distribution, were active in the area and reported having sparked a fire with a faulty machine. The Bordeaux public prosecutor, which has identified the machine as its leading line of inquiry, did not respond to requests for comment. Enedis declined to answer specific questions because of the continuing investigation.
Most wildfires are started by humans through actions such as dropping cigarette butts, failing to properly extinguish campfires or dispose of barbecues. Public awareness campaigns to discourage reckless behaviour are thought to have contributed to a fall in the number of fires in southern Europe since the 1980s but preventing arson is much harder. French police have arrested nearly 500 people on suspicion of starting fires since the start of the summer, about 70% of which are thought to have been deliberate.
Once a fire has begun, it is weather and geography that dictate whether it will quickly wither or morph into a hellish blaze. Outside Saumos, it was immediately clear that firefighters were facing the latter. The fire engulfed several hundreds of hectares in a matter of hours and reached the outskirts of La Porge, which would lose one in 10 homes to the flames in the days that followed. Within 24 hours of the initial spark, southerly winds had pushed the fire's southern front to Cap Ferret, an upmarket peninsula known as the Hamptons of France, nine miles away.
Helping the fire's rapid spread was its location in an area that had been flattened by a powerful storm in 1999 and then swiftly replanted, resulting in a uniform tree height that created a continuous fuel load. But the response in those crucial early hours has also been criticised. Local forestry workers told Le Monde that firefighters had rejected their recommendation to quickly set a controlled burn, while residents of La Porge claim resources were taken from their village to protect the wealthier Cap Ferret. The Gironde fire service, which did not respond to requests for comment, has said it had done all it could to stop the fire and rejected allegations that it abandoned La Porge.
Bruno Lafon, the head of the regional forest fire prevention service, an association of forestry workers who work with firefighters to prevent blazes, said he could understand that volunteers who saw their livelihoods go up in flames wanted more help to have come. But, he said, the powerful combination of drought, heat and wind made the initial spread extremely hard to stop. "The men on the ground did what they could, though I think it would have taken a greater number of planes from the beginning," he said.